You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. In the early days of the Internet, backbone providers exchanged their traffic at government-sponsored network access points (NAPs), until the government privatized the Internet, and transferred the NAPs to commercial providers.
Within a few years, the dominance of the NSFNet backbone led to the decommissioning of the redundant ARPANET infrastructure in 1990. The combination of the ARPANET and NSFNET became known as the Internet. IBM, MCI and Merit upgraded the backbone to 45 Mbit/s bandwidth ( T3) in 1991. These sites included regional networks that in turn connected over 170 other networks. In 1987, this new network was upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s T1 links for thirteen sites. The National Science Foundation created the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) in 1986 by funding six networking sites using 56 kbit/s interconnecting links, with peering to the ARPANET. Other packet-switched computer networks proliferated starting in the 1970s, eventually adopting TCP/IP protocols, or being replaced by newer networks. The ARPANET used a backbone of routers called Interface Message Processors. The first packet-switched computer networks, the NPL network and the ARPANET were interconnected in 1973 via University College London. History įurther information: History of the Internet However, technological improvements allowed for 41 percent of backbones to have data rates of 2,488 Mbit/s or faster by the mid 2000s. In 1998, all of the United States' backbone networks had utilized the slowest data rate of 45 Mbit/s.
The data rates of backbone lines have increased over time. The real-time routing protocols and redundancy built into the backbone is also able to reroute traffic in case of a failure. Fiber-optics allow for fast data speeds and large bandwidth, they suffer relatively little attenuation, allowing them to cover long distances with few repeaters, and they are also immune to crosstalk and other forms of electromagnetic interference which plague electrical transmission. Fiber-optic communication remains the medium of choice for Internet backbone providers for several reasons. Optical fiber trunk lines consist of many fiber cables bundled to increase capacity, or bandwidth. The Internet backbone consists of many networks owned by numerous companies. Infrastructure Routing of prominent undersea cables that serve as the physical infrastructure of the Internet. The largest providers, known as Tier 1 networks, have such comprehensive networks that they do not purchase transit agreements from other providers. In addition, the high degree of redundancy of today's network links and sophisticated real-time routing protocols provide alternate paths of communications for load balancing and congestion avoidance. The resilience of the Internet results from its principal architectural features, most notably the idea of placing as few network state and control functions as possible in the network elements and instead relying on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication. The Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, do not rely on central control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies. Internet service providers, often Tier 1 networks, participate in Internet backbone traffic by privately negotiated interconnection agreements, primarily governed by the principle of settlement-free peering. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers, as well as the Internet exchange points and network access points, that exchange Internet traffic between the countries, continents, and across the oceans. The Internet backbone may be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers of the Internet. This is a small look at the backbone of the Internet. Vital infrastructure of the networks of the InternetĮach line is drawn between two nodes, representing two IP addresses.
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